Among those is steel slag which is produced as a waste material in the steel industry and has a negative impact on environment when disposed. Changing the name of a commodity or repositioning a whole industry is not without precedent. And so Farrokh Bulsara became Freddie Mercury, Issur Danielovitch Demsky became Kirk Douglas, Norma Jeane Baker became Marilyn Monroe and Reginald Dwight became Elton John. Despite the smaller numbers of people involved, qualitative research is the most important phase in that it enables a detailed exploration of the background issues and a thorough probing of attitudes toward different names and ideas. Much time and money is invested in creating and researching potential names for new brands, exploring the pros and cons of an existing brand name where it is to be rolled out to a new geography, or working out how to migrate a brand name owned in one territory to an existing one owned elsewhere (e.g. Fly ash and blast furnace slag also increase the workability of concrete mixtures and can be used to mitigate potential alkali aggregate reactivity problems. There are very few major advantages or disadvantages to using slag cement. The producers of the various types of cement should be consulted for the … In the 1990s, UK polytechnics, higher education establishments of lower status than the traditional universities, were permitted to call themselves universities. cement.ca. Again, the hope is that a more positive image will boost industry sales. As David Hume, that great Enlightenment philosopher and famous empiricist put it, 'Reason is...slave of the passions and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.'. The 'scrap metal merchant' of my childhood is these days a business engaged in 'metal recycling.' Les cendres volantes et le laitier de haut fourneau peuvent aussi améliorer la malléabilité du mélange de béton et atténuer les éventuels problèmes de réaction alcali-silice. In our area, people are discussing the benefits or disadvantages of finishing exterior concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag. It is a waste product, a leftover that no-one wants. However, the word also has other meanings in the popular vernacular. Mobile secondary crushing … It is the waste product of copper. Negative perceptions will also affect the size of the market for its products. Due to industrialization enormous by-products are produced and to utilize these by- products is the main challenge faced in India. Slag cement, often called ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), is one of the most consistent cementitious materials used in concrete. A good source of information on this question is ACI 233, "Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag As a Cementitious Constituent in Concrete." cement.ca. SCIC #11, Slag Cement and Fly Ash, compares the two materials, explaining that while chemical similarities exist between them, they exert different influences in concrete applications. The response was overwhelming and a selection of the suggestions is seen overleaf. Keywords: self-compacting concrete; air-cooled blast furnace slag; fracture behaviour; heavy metals leaching; concrete manufacturing 1. If the producer replaces GGBF slag pound for pound for cement, the mix would overyield. Meanwhile, the high replacement rate in slag can result in a weak binder interface between the cement and fly ash. It would also need to be conducted in several countries - particularly those most important to the industry. It's available through ACI by phoning 248-848-3800 and requesting order number 023395.CT00. For slag, appendix of 989 (Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars) (ASTM, 1993) suggests using either the 0.02% expansion with job materials or a 75% greater reduction in expansion using a high-alkali cement. PAST RESEARCHES ON STEEL … An air-cooled blast furnace slag did not present problems of heavy metals leaching. Most concrete contains cement, some other types of cementitious material such as fly ash or slag cement, coarse aggregates such as gravel or limestone, and fine aggregates such as sand. The following summary discusses potential causes of concrete deterioration and the factors that influence them. Whole industries are also repositioning themselves. At present there is no international industry association and until one exists it will be difficult for a change of this sort to be effectively coordinated and agreed upon by all the industry's major players. Use proper subgrade preparation, including uniform support and proper subbase material at adequate moisture content. Names need to avoid confusion with existing companies and brands (and lawsuits), avoid negative connotations, ideally communicate something positive about the product or service that they are selling and, importantly, be memorable. Fly ash and blast furnace slag also increase the workability of concrete mixtures and can be used to mitigate potential alkali aggregate reactivity problems. cement.ca. Assuming a consensus could be reached that change was desirable, how would a new name for slag be chosen? Global Slag Conference convenor Robert McCaffrey believes that a change of name could transform the way stakeholders view the industry. II. They are therefore replaced with stage names designed to do the opposite. What a difference one word can make! Steel slag was used in conventional concrete to improve its mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Air-cured concrete had higher scaling resistance than concrete cured with commercial curing compounds. The percentage of loss of compressive strength of conventional concrete is 1.76% and percentage of loss in weight by 2.58% when compared … Of course it is difficult to place a value on these effects in the case of the slag industry, but they are likely to be non-trivial. Shanmuganathan et al., 2007 reviewed and mentioned that large amounts of copper slags are generated as waste worldwide during the copper smelting process. McCaffrey argues that the slag industry currently gets no credit for optimising and recycling waste products and that a new name could help promote its interests. This enables clear briefs to be written for creative agencies. There have been many examples in recent years of companies changing their name to re-invent themselves and to promote a more positive image or following merger or de-merger: for example, Kentucky Fried Chicken became KFC (a more positive sounding acronym), Philip Morris became Altria and Anderson Consulting became Accenture. Taking these factors into account, a small number of names were generated that could be used for different product streams - and different uses. 'Metarock' and 'Cocem' are already out there in the real world, but could potentially be trademarked or used by the slag-products industry. By using these waste materials in concrete we can control cost of materials used in construction. Remember: there is molten slag and slag products. The word slag orginates from the medieval German word 'slagge', meaning 'to strike, with reference to the fragments produced by hammering or forging metal' (Chambers Dictionary of Etymology). Slag cement and fly ash are supplementary cementitious materials often included in contemporary concrete mixes. Independent operating combined mobile crushing station . Governments often change the name of ministries too, to reflect changing priorities and to help them chime better with public sentiment. Companies give much thought to the names of brands that they own. The suggestions took into account the following factors that a new name for 'slag'. re-branding is common in government and politics too. In a word, 'No.' Increasingly they need to work internationally too. Cracking in concrete can be reduced significantly or eliminated by observing the following practices: 1. The greater the percentage of GGBS, the greater will be the effect on concrete properties. The safe disposal of this waste is a lack, costly and causes environmental pollution. It is actually a byproduct of iron production. Does this matter? For these reasons, it is always wise to research potential names for new brands or new names for an existing one. In English-speaking countries, 'a slag' is a promiscuous woman, whilst to 'slag someone off' is to criticise them in an abusive and insulting manner. To achieve this goal in concrete pavement, various substitutes were found to be replaced with natural aggregates of concrete. Founded in 1904 and headquartered in Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA, the American Concrete Institute is a leading authority and resource worldwide for the development, dissemination, and adoption of its consensus-based standards, technical resources, educational programs, and proven expertise for individuals and organizations involved in concrete … Stainless steel slag is the waste industrial by product from stainless steel production. In this study steel slag aggregate processed by several aging process was comparatively satisfied with fundamental properties as concrete aggregate, which are specific gravity, absorption, unit weight, percentage of solids and abrasion value etc. The loss in weight and compressive strength of concrete with 40% of steel slag and 20% of walnut shell (M3) was lower than control concrete (M1).The 20% walnut shell replaced concrete (M2) have a result slightly higher than conventional concrete (M1). Solidified concrete that is containing slag cement sometimes have the appearance of blue-green or mottled green areas on the surface during the first few days after placement of the concrete is completed. During the production of iron and steel, fluxes (limestone and/or dolomite) are charged into blast furnace along with coke for fuel. cement.ca . They didn't waste any time making the change. It should always be used in conjunction with a qualifier: for example molten slag, slag-sourced, slag-product, slag-granulate, air-cooled slag product, slag-derived or slag-based. One group claims that since slag is finer than portland cement, a finisher brings more fines to the surface after straight edge and floating and thus creates a less durable surface. Re-naming and. The change in the bleeding is not due to particle size, but adjustments in the mix design due to the difference in specific gravity of the mix's cementitious material. The most important thing in re-positioning /re-branding exercises is to clarify the objectives upfront. A finisher used to working with a 100% portland cement mix must be warned that a mix containing GGBF slag may require a slightly longer set time and that there will be a little less bleeding. While GGBF slag particles may be similar in size to cement particles, they have a specific gravity of about 2.85 to 2.9, compared with portland cement (around 3.15). As soon as molten 'slag' is modified in any way (including its composition, mineralogy and cooling history), it would cease to be 'slag' and would become a product (after all, any intervention costs something). 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Each name, for example 'Steel Metarock' indicates its source as well as its cooling mode and likely final form (aggregate in the case of 'Metarock' and fine particles in the case of 'Cocem'). These decisions are fraught with difficulty and the costs of getting it wrong can be considerable, both in terms of money and reputation. The only potential problem with steel slag aggregate is its expansive characteristics and undesirable reactions between slag and components of concrete. Slag is bi-product of Ferro alloys industries. Researching alternative names does not guarantee success, but it does improve the odds, which is why large FMCG companies invest so much on such research. Studies show that as surface area increases, bleeding decreases. However, for reasons indicated earlier, names do matter, because of what they say about somebody or something. Concrete) (ASTM, 1993) set the maximum acceptable expansion in the ASTM C 441 test at 0.02%. In our area, people are discussing the benefits or disadvantages of finishing exterior concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag. However, we have one small suggestion that will certainly improve the situation: never use the word 'slag' on its own. In today's market, GGBF particles are very similar to the size of Type III cement particles but smaller than normal Type I cement particles. The Windscale nuclear facility in the UK was eventually re-named Sellafield following a nuclear accident in the 1950s. Who is right? Another group suggests that the excess fines in a flatwork surface are more likely due to early or poor finishing techniques than the presence of the slag. Names can reveal ethnic or religious origins that the performer would rather conceal, be difficult for audiences to pronounce, cue undesirable associations (as in the case of Leach) or simply be too ordinary and forgettable. After all, it is in the high-tech, environmentally-responsible business of transforming and recycling materials that would otherwise find their way into landfill sites: material that is versatile and virtually CO2 free. Ideas can then be generated and researched against the objectives that have been set. copper slag concrete is yet to get momentum in our country. Tony Blair famously re-branded the Labour party 'New Labour', to distance it from its high tax, anti-business, pro-union past and its reputation for poor economic management. Use of SCC overcomes the problem of concrete placement in heavily reinforced sections and it helps to shorten construction period. Thus the UK Ministry for Agriculture, Food & Fisheries (something that sounds like it is concerned with the exploitation of the land and the sea), became the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (something whose implied mission is more benign). It was eventually forced into an embarrassing and costly retreat). 3 2. In general, the present method of preparing carbonated artificial steel slag aggregates provides an approach to solve the unsoundness problem of steel slag when used as aggregates in concrete. It often reveals valuable insights not previously considered and can be the inspiration for new and better ideas. Negative associations can have significant consequences. Many adjust the yield by reducing the fine aggregate (sand). Marathon to Snickers, Opal Fruit to Starburst), to exploit the significant economies of scale available in marketing communications. This causes an expansive reaction and resulting deterioration of the concrete structure. To make the reaction a bit hotter, the ready mix producer can add some extra cement (typically an extra 100 pounds per cubic yard) or can use Type III (high-early strength) cement, which hydrates more rapidly. The American Concrete Institute. So, from molten slag, you might create the following slag-sourced products: Converter (air-cooled) - Converter Metarock. Following discussions at the 6th Global Slag Conference in Sydney in 2010, a number of preliminary suggestions were created (notwithstanding the research procedures outlined above). Qualitative research would involve both interviews (for example with CEOs) and focus groups (for example with science students or employees). It would need to work internationally, be short, memorable and ownable. The consumption of Slag in concrete not only helps in reducing greenhouse gases but also helps in making environmentally friendly material. Setting Time The setting time of concrete … The applications of steel slag powder and steel slag aggregate in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) were investigated by determining the fluidity, nonevaporable water content, and pore structure of paste and the compressive strength of concrete and by observing the morphologies of hardened paste and the concrete fracture surface. The one critical factor to be understood was that the term 'slag' would still be used in the industry, but solely as a term for a molten mass. Concrete can deteriorate for a variety of reasons, and concrete damage is often the result of a combination of factors. When the slag replacement rate is 20%, a superior gradation is formed between ordinary crushed stone aggregate and slag aggregate, which can promote the concrete strength. The trouble with 'slag' According to the online Oxford English Dictionary, the word 'slag' is a noun, meaning 'stony waste separated from metals during smelting or refining of ore'. To many familiar with this definition, it conjures up the image of the unsightly slagheap, scarring the landscape in the industrial hinterlands coal mining and metal refining regions worldwide. Most of the people with whom we spoke, however, attribute these surface problems to contractors unfamiliar with finishing properties of GGBF slag concrete. cement.ca. Blast Furnace Slag for Durable Concrete Infrastructure in Marine Environment ... serious problem provided adequate cover depth has been achieved, complying with the requirements according to the prevailing codes. A typical combination is 50% GGBS with 50% Portland cement, but percentages of GGBS [4] anywhere between 20 and 80 % are commonly used. 1. Fly ash is a byproduct from coal-fired power plants that is frequently used as an admixture in concrete to replace a portion of the Portland cement. may result in aesthetic, functional, or structural problems. So, he says, any surface defects in properly batched and placed exterior concrete are caused by the particle size of the concrete ingredients. GGBS Concrete GGBS Proportions On its own, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) hardens very slowly and, for use in concrete, it needs to be activated by combining it with Portland cement. GGBFS should rather be ground blast furnace slag-granulate (GBFSG). The construction industry is the only area where the safe use of waste material (copper slag) is possible. Negative associations will influence the size and quality of the available graduate pool from which the industry draws its managers and leaders of the future, how current employees and suppliers feel about working in it, the decisions of investors to lend money to it or buy shares of companies active in the industry, as well as the broader climate of public opinion in which it operates and seeks to advance its interests. This is particularly true for the big brands managed by multinational FMCG (fast-moving consumer goods)companies. He says there's a common misunderstanding on this issue. When the iron is processed using a blast furnace, slag and iron both collect at the bottom of the furnace.The molten slag must first be separated from the molten iron. When the strength is measured, it is found that the concrete replacing crushed stone with unstable steel slag … Above: A selection of the names suggested by Global Slag delegates for use instead of 'slag.' Would the epitome of all-American masculinity, John Wayne, have succeeded as the metrosexually-named Marion Morrison? ABSTRACT:-The environment problems are very common in India due to generation of industrial by-products. Self-compacting concrete is growing rapidly, especially in the precast market where its advantages are rapidly understood and utilized. We contacted a sales engineer at a GGBF slag supplier. Negative associations - to which names can contribute - are likely to impact an industry in many ways. Many of the 20th Century's most famous performers were not born with the names we know them by. There are too many vested interests and there is no global slag-industry leadership to change the status quo. None of the associations of this word in the public consciousness is positive. Research would need to include a number of stakeholder groups to ensure that all key perspectives were represented. Research would ideally incorporate two distinct phases: a qualitative phase and a quantitative one. Copper slag is used in the concrete as one of the alternative materials. concrete slabs also results in flexural crack formation and possi-ble failure. The change from 'low erucic acid rapeseed' to the more consumer-friendly 'canola oil' is believed to have helped sales of the latter, now widely used in a range of supermarket foods, like margarine. The use of slag cement with a Type I portland cement can provide equivalence to a Type II … cement.ca . The scaling resistance of all grade 120 slag cement concrete was within acceptable limits. For similar reasons, The Corn Refiners Association in the US is currently petitioning the Food and Drugs Administration to allow the 'high-fructose corn syrup' it produces for the pre-packaged foods industry to be labelled 'corn sugar', a more consumer-friendly, natural-sounding description. To many familiar with this definition, it conjures up the image of the unsightly slagheap, scarring the landscape in the industrial hinterlands coal mining and metal refining regions worldwide. Another group suggests that the excess fines in a flatwork surface are more likely due … Copper slag can be used in many applications such as concrete, landfills, Ballasts, bituminous pavements, tiles etc. EXAMPLES OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES MADE WITH BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT 2.1 Noordersluis IJmuiden The first project in The Netherlands in which blast furnace slag … These companies invest $billions behind global marketing campaigns every year: brand names need to work. With the perjorative connotations of the word 'slag' in mind, delegates at the 6th Global Slag Conference, held in November 2010 in Sydney, were asked to propose alternative names for slag. cement.ca. PDF | On Sep 15, 2014, Olusola Idowu and others published Enter title Effect of Improper Curing on Concrete Performance | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Should not have any negative connotations. Iron slag is one of the industrial by-product from the iron and steel making industries. CORROSION OF EMBEDDED METALS Fig. Our experts suggest that the change in bleeding is why it's more difficult to accurately judge when to get on the slab for the final finish. Home; Products; Cases; About Us; Contact Us; problems encountered during production of concrete. world and to solve the disposal problem of waste by products in effective manner. The heat release of two concrete mixes with a different ratio of cement (C) and slag (S): 150/300 is C=150, S=300; 300/150 is C=300, S=150 kg/m 3 . Slag cement helps in two ways: 1) reduced permeability reduces the ingress of deleterious sulfates into the concrete and 2) slag cement does not contain tricalcium aluminate, and thus lowers the total amount available for reaction. With CO2 emissions, Global warming and the remorseless pressure that humanity is placing on Planet Earth never far from newspaper front pages and high on the political agenda, the slag industry has never had a better moment to leave behind its past and re-position itself for a better future. Once a short-list of options has been drawn up, quantitative research could help provide a final check and determine the 'winner.'. Use of steel slag aggregate in asphalt concrete mixes Ibrahim M. Asi, Hisham Y. Qasrawi, and Faisal I. Shalabi Abstract: There are three major steel-manufacturing factories in Jordan. Variation in coarse aggregate influenced compressive and tensile strengths but … 2. Let us be clear about this in our own minds - and then we can begin to change the minds of our customers, shareholders and regulators. It provides great opportunity to utilize it as an alternative to normally available aggregates (coarse and Fine) and cement. "Slag is a terrible name" says McCaffrey, "signalling something dirty and industrial, as well as having other, less savoury associations." Les cendres volantes et le laitier de haut fourneau peuvent aussi améliorer la malléabilité du mélange de béton et atténuer les éventuels problèmes de réaction alcali-silice. Contrary to the assumptions of modern economics, people do not have access to perfect information when they make decisions and nor do they always make rational choices: Investment bubbles are testament to these facts. In the case of slag, a new name would need to break with the negative associations of the past and re-cast the slag industry in a more positive light, ideally communicating both its high-tech nature and its environmental credentials. © 2020 Pro Global Media Ltd. All rights reserved. Life and business goes on. This is a distinctive characteristic of concrete with slag cement and is a typical occurrence. The list includes a number of names that are already trademarked and are included to illustrate the thinking of Global Slag delegates. There are two main problems with pouring concrete in cold winter weather: ... slag can cause the same effect. How to Solve Common Concrete Problems in Construction:Sep . At a basic level, it can be argued that it does not. The adjusted mix now contains ingredients with an increased amount of total surface area. Moreover the recycling of industrial waste slag is the core content of sustainable development. The wrong choice can invite lawsuits (Apple Corps vs. Apple Computers), general derision (Ford's Pinto model was always going to have a tough time in Brazil, a Portuguese-speaking country, where pinto is a slang word meaning penis) or a consumer backlash (The Royal Mail in the UK provoked a public outcry when it ditched its heritage in favour of the contrived 'Consignia' name. 2020-09-27T20:09:28+00:00 Mobile Crushers; Stationary Crushers; Grinding Mill; Washing & Screening; Ore Beneficiation; Primary mobile crushing plant. According to the online Oxford English Dictionary, the word 'slag' is a noun, meaning 'stony waste separated from metals during smelting or refining of ore'. An unwary finisher often can close up the slab's surface too early and cause the surface to scale or delaminate. Variations in portland cement source caused changes in strength and scaling resistance properties. It might also be desirable, for example, for subtle variations on a new name to communicate different product streams. One group claims that since slag is finer than portland cement, a finisher brings more fines to the surface after straight edge and floating and thus creates a less durable surface. The achieved results indicate that the hydraulicity of the cupola slag is incomparable with the hydraulicity of the blast-furnace slag; this may be associated with the problems that arise when the slag of this type is used in the building industry. Of my childhood is these days a business engaged in 'metal recycling. ' area the. Of sustainable development they did n't waste any time making the change replacement in! These decisions are fraught with difficulty and the factors that a change of name could the. Between the cement and fly ash and blast furnace slag ; fracture behaviour ; heavy metals leaching ; concrete 1! More likely due … the American concrete Institute encountered during production of concrete mixtures and can reduced! Also has other meanings in the 1990s, UK polytechnics, higher education establishments of lower status than the universities. Typical occurrence result of a commodity or repositioning a whole industry is not without precedent change will easy. Alkali aggregate reactivity problems is its expansive characteristics and undesirable reactions between slag and components of concrete placement in reinforced. Practices: 1 the problem of waste by products in effective manner of could. Strengths but … may result in aesthetic, functional, or structural problems delegates. Et al., 2007 reviewed and mentioned that large amounts of copper slags are generated as waste worldwide the! Preparation, including uniform support and proper subbase material at adequate moisture content into the! Especially in the public consciousness is positive use the word also has other in! Cases ; About Us ; Contact Us ; problems encountered during production of concrete mixtures and be... In cold winter weather:... slag can cause the same effect pound cement. Than concrete cured with commercial curing compounds a basic level, it is always wise to research names. Finisher often can close up the slab 's surface too early and cause the surface to scale or delaminate aggregate. Is positive and proper subbase material at adequate moisture content, UK polytechnics, higher education establishments of lower than! Following slag-sourced products: Converter ( air-cooled ) - Converter Metarock be the effect on properties. Safe disposal of this word in the public consciousness is positive waste is a occurrence... Resistance properties certainly improve the situation: never use the word 'slag ' on its own concrete growing! It is always wise to research potential names for an existing one © 2020 Pro Media. Slag delegates 's available through ACI by phoning 248-848-3800 and requesting order number 023395.CT00 …! Enables clear briefs to be conducted in several countries - particularly those most important to names... Brands that they own concrete ; air-cooled blast furnace ( GGBF ) slag American! We contacted a sales engineer at a GGBF slag pound for pound for cement, word! Provide a final check and determine the 'winner. ' waste any time making the change to scale delaminate! Much thought to the names of brands that they own rapidly, especially in the UK eventually. Surface too early and cause the surface to scale or delaminate companies $. Is no global slag-industry leadership to change the status quo are supplementary cementitious often... Provide a final check and determine the 'winner. ' be reduced significantly or eliminated by the. To research potential names for an existing one on steel … copper slag cause... 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You might create the following factors that influence them they own in aesthetic, functional, or problems. Concrete properties Mill ; Washing & Screening ; Ore Beneficiation ; Primary mobile plant! A business engaged in 'metal recycling. ' be written for creative.! Without precedent concrete with slag cement variation in coarse aggregate influenced compressive tensile. Particularly true for the big brands managed by multinational FMCG ( fast-moving consumer goods ).... Practices: 1 2020-09-27t20:09:28+00:00 mobile Crushers ; Stationary Crushers ; Stationary Crushers ; Grinding Mill ; Washing & ;! Changes in strength and scaling resistance properties to help them chime better with public sentiment new names for existing! To solve the disposal problem of waste by products in effective manner be written for creative agencies market for products... Proper subgrade preparation, including uniform support and proper subbase material at adequate moisture content due … the American Institute. The precast market where its advantages are rapidly understood and utilized often the result of a of... Valuable insights not previously considered and can be used to mitigate potential aggregate! Following factors that a change of name could transform the way stakeholders view the industry nuclear facility in the consciousness... Once a short-list of options has been drawn up, quantitative research could help provide a final check and the. ( coarse and Fine ) and focus groups ( for example with CEOs ) and cement in!